Elon Musk has kicked off the process for the largest initial public offering in history, but is SpaceX really worth $2.5 trillion?
A confidential filing for the float of Musk’s rocket company (which also incorporates his xAI artificial intelligence start-up and the X social media platform) was lodged with the US Securities and Exchange Commission last week.
While financial details won’t be known until a public prospectus is released, probably mid-year, there are reports that Musk is seeking to raise $US75 billion ($108.7 billion) at a valuation of $US1.75 trillion ($2.5 trillion), with speculation in recent days that it could stretch to $US2 trillion.
That would make SpaceX more valuable than Tesla, which has a market capitalisation of about $US1.32 trillion, or Meta Platforms (Facebook’s parent), which is valued at about $US1.45 trillion. It would become the sixth-largest US company by market value, behind Amazon ($US2.3 trillion).
A $US75 billion raising would also dwarf the previous record capital raising by Saudi Aramco, which raised $US29 billion in 2019.
Even at $US1.75 trillion, the valuation of SpaceX would appear to be rising at an eyebrow raising rate.
Just over a year ago, the company raised funds at a valuation of just over $US350 billion. In December last year a secondary sale of its shares valued it at around $US800 billion, with reports that it would float this year with a similar valuation.
Last month, Musk merged xAi, which had previously merged with his social media entity, X, with SpaceX.
The merger of xAI and X (which were valued at $US230 billion in a $US20 billion equity raising in January) with SpaceX gave the combined businesses a value, on paper, of $US1.25 billion. Now, apparently, they are worth $US1.75 billion, or more.
SpaceX’s financials aren’t known, although it is thought that its Starlink satellite business generated more than $US2 billion of positive cashflow last year from estimated sales of about $US15 billion. It is a great business, which seems to be profitable, and is growing at a rapid rate.
Against that, xAI (like most artificial intelligence start-ups) is burning cash at a rate of more than $US1 billion a month and X is most unlikely to be contributing anything materially positive to SpaceX’s finances.
Combining SpaceX with the other two Musk businesses (Tesla might eventually follow) has created a conglomerate out of what was a rational combination of satellites and the rockets to deliver them into space.
Whether that combination makes sense, at either an operational or financial level, depends on whether investors buy into Musk’s fantastic – or fantastical – vision for what they might become.
He refers to a “the most ambitious, vertically integrated innovative engine on (and off) Earth” that will see SpaceX facilitating the delivery and building of data centres in space, powered by the sun or, as he put it, “scaling to make a sentient sun to understand the universe and extend the light of consciousness to the stars.” Whatever that might mean.
He envisages thousands of data centres in space, with humans working in SpaceX-established facilities on the moon and Mars to construct the centres and satellites.
As yet, he has provided no detail, assuming there is any, of the formidable logistics and costs of realising his vision for space-based data centres, although that vision is critical to the stated logic of merging SpaceX with its cash-devouring siblings and to the question of whether SpaceX is worth anything remotely close to $US1.75 trillion, let alone $US2 trillion.
At those levels, investors would not only be capitalising the vision, but effectively investing many hundreds of billions as an act of faith in Musk himself.
That may explain why the IPO is thought to be targeting a much higher proportion of retail investors, who have shown considerable faith in Musk, than has been the norm for big tech-oriented IPOs.
To put SpaceX’s valuation and the $US75 billion it plans to raise through the IPO into perspective, Meta – valued at $US300 billion to $US550 billion less than the valuation range Musk is seeking for SpaceX – had capital expenditures of about $US72 billion last year, mostly on AI infrastructure.
This year it plans to spend up to $US135 billion. It has revenue of more than $US200 billion and profits of more than $US60 billion. It is valued at about 7.25 times its sales.
SpaceX had estimated revenue of just over $US20 billion last year, xAI about $US500 million and X about $US2.25 billion.
While SpaceX and xAI are growing their revenues rapidly, they are a very long way short of where Meta is today.
The equations become more challenging when it is recognised that, to realise his ambition, Musk is going to have to raise a lot more than $US75 billion of new capital.
Indeed, it would see that the motivation for going public and disclosing the finance of SpaceX that have previously been kept confidential is to create a much larger market for SpaceX’s equity.
There’s a risk that Musk could undermine what seems to be a great business – SpaceX – by pouring the capital it raises and the cash it generates into xAI, which is an AI business competing with companies with far, far deeper pockets in what is an increasingly crowded field.
There are already signs that AI investors are becoming more discriminating.
There are two other big AI companies that have been considering their own IPOs for later this year — OpenAI (which started the AI frenzy when it released ChatGPT in late 2022) and Anthropic.
OpenAI raised $US122 billion last week, at a valuation of $US852 billion. Anthropic’s most recent capital rasing was $US30 billion, at a valuation of $US380 billion, in February.
According to Bloomberg, institutions that took up shares in OpenAI but are seeking to sell down some of their exposures are struggling to find buyers in the secondary market because Anthropic’s are now seen as having better value and more upside– despite the stoush the company is having with the Trump administration over its insistence that its AI tools shouldn’t be used in warfare without human supervision, nor used for mass surveillance.
That differentiation between two of the leading independent AI companies is occurring even as scepticism that the amounts being expended on AI, and the valuations afforded companies like OpenAI and Anthropic will ever generate a commercial return commensurate with the risks.
Not every one of the companies chasing their visions for an AI future will survive, given how voraciously the sector is devouring capital and, to date, how significantly the rate of growth in AI investment has been relative to the growth in AI-related revenues.
Elon does talk a good vision and, while it’s not clear how much he owns of SpaceX today, it seems likely that a successful float of the entity containing his boldest vision yet could help make him, on paper at least, the world’s first trillionaire.
Author Michael Lewis, of The Big Short fame, once wrote, during the dot-com era of the late 1990s, of the “state of pure possibility” inherent in the inflated value of the stocks, saying a company had to be “every so slightly unknowable” to be desirable, in the midst of the frenzy in what turned out to be a financial bubble.
There’s a lot pure “possibility” in Musk’s vision for SpaceX, and a lot that is, today, unknowable. For investors, that appears to be desirable. It will only be if or when Musk tries to transform that possibility into reality that they’ll know whether their judgment was sound.
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Stephen Bartholomeusz is one of Australia’s most respected business journalists. He was most recently co-founder and associate editor of the Business Spectator website and an associate editor and senior columnist at The Australian.Connect via email.
